Biological control of Azolla spp. in Iran: existing challenges and opportunities

Document Type : Review Paper

Author

Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Waterferns have caused many problems in aquatic ecosystems and rice fields of northern regions during recent decades. Despite the fact that Azolla spp. are known as one of the most important invasive species worldwide, with management and applying biological control agents in natural habitats they can be used as beneficial species. For Azolla management, it is very important to have enough knowledge about the reproduction, substantial conditions for invasion and biological control agents of the plant in the area. . In northern regions favorable environmental conditions such as high humidity, suitable temperature, absence of specific natural enemies and etc, caused Azolla spp. expansion and invasion. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that some of the native and migratory species such as Cataclysta lemnata, Nomophila noctuella, Diasemiopsis ramburialis and Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae feed on Azolla spp. in the area and have high dispersal. Recently, exotic weevil, Stenopelmus rufinasus, has been recorded in the area as well. Studies indicated that C. lemnata and S. rufinasus as biological control agents and other species as biotic resistance factors can be used for Azolla spp. management in northern regions. According to these findings and existing knowledge we have enough resources to control Azolla, and by providing of the necessary facilities it can be controlled in northern regions of Iran.

Keywords


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