Liquid fermentation of Beauveria bassiana and its survival and pathogenicity on greenhouse whitefly

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Plant Protection Research Department, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Gorgan, Iran

2 Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

In order to use entomopathogenic fungi as a commercial biological agent, their mass production is required. In the present study, the fermentation of one isolate of Beauveria bassiana was investigated using liquid culture media including TKI Broth culture medium with 5% of sugar beet molasses (TKI), liquid medium containing sugar beet molasses, yeast extract and multivitamin (MYM) and potato extract (P), potato extract plus 8% whey (PCh) and potato extract plus 5% molasses (PM). Moreover, the viability of the spores produced at two temperatures (room and refrigerator) was evaluated for nine months. Finally, the pathogenicity of spores obtained from different media was investigated on greenhouse whitefly nymphs under the laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In TKI Medium, the submerged conidia were produced showing the highest amount of conidia production (3.87×108 conidia/ml). The highest amount of blastospores was obtained in PCh medium with 2.37×108 blastospores/ml. In laboratory bioassay, blastospores of PCh medium showed the highest mortality rate (86.40%) on greenhouse whitefly nymphs and the lowest mortality rate were observed in submerged conidia from TKI medium with 74.03% mortality. In greenhouse bioassay, the mortality rate was between 43% and 50%. After nine months of storage at refrigerator, submerged conidia from TKI Broth and blastospores from P medium caused 25–30% mortality in whitefly nymphs in laboratory condition. No mortality was observed in greenhouse condition. According to the results, blastospores obtained from potato extract are introduced as a suitable liquid medium for mass production of this fungal isolate.

Keywords

References

Askary, H., Zamani, S.M. & Ashouri, A. 2009. Effect of some liquid and solid media on sporulation of Beauveria   bassiana (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales). Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science, 39(1): 31–43. (In Persian with English summary)
Bi, J.L. & Tosccano, N.C. 2007. Current status of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in Southern California. Pest Management Science, 63(8): 747–752.
Bidochka, M.J., Pfeifer, T.A. & Khachatourians, G.G. 1987. Development of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in liquid cultures. Mycopathologia, 99: 77–83.
Byrne, D.N. & Bellows, T.S. 1991. Whitefly biology. Annual Review of Entomology, 36: 431–457.
Gorman, K., Devine, G.J., Bennison, J., Coussons, P., Punchard, N. & Denholm, I. 2007. Report of resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Pest Management Science, 63(6): 555–558.
Hegedus, D.D., Bidochka, M.J., Miranpuri, G.S. & Khachatourians, G.G. 1992. A comparison of the virulence, stability and cell–wall–surface characteristics of three spore types produced by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 36:785–789.
Holder, D.J. & Keyhani, N.O. 2005. Adhesion of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria (Cordyceps) bassiana to substrata. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71: 5260–5266.
Javar, S., Farrokhi, Sh., Asgari, B., & Parsi, F. 2019. Investigating on the potential of local isolates of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents against greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum. BioControl in Plant Protection, 7(1): 127–142. (In Persian with English summary)
Javar, S., Farrokhi, Sh., Naeemi, Sh. & Kalantari Joshani, M. 2022. Effect of moisture content, substrates and additives on conidiation and pathogenicity of fungus Beauveria bassiana against greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Journal of Applied research in Plant Protection, 11(2): 57-66.
Kamyab, A. 2001. A User Guide to the Animal Nutrition. Hage– Shenas publication. (In Persian)
Kassa, A., Brownbridge, M., Parker, B.L., Skinner, M., Gouli, V., Gouli, S., Guo, M., Lee, F. & Hata, T. 2008. Whey for mass production of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. Mycological Research, 112(5): 583–591.
Lacey, L.A., Kirk, A.A., Millar, L., Mercadier, G. & Vidal, C. 1999. Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of conidia and blastospores of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes) against Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) with a description of a bioassay system allowing prolonged survival of control insects. Journal of Biocontrol Science and Technology, 9: 9–18.
Latifian, M. & Rad, B. 2019. Effect of Protein and Vitamins Supplements on Growth Indices of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae at blastospore proliferation stage. Journal of Entomological Research, 11(2): 43–55. (In Persian with English abstract)
Li, Y., Dennehy, T.J., Li, X. & Wigert, M.E. 2000. Susceptibility of Arizona whiteflies to chloronicotinyl insecticides and IGRs: new developments in the 1999 season. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, 4-8 Jan, Texas, United States, 1325–1330.
Lohse, R., Jakobs–Schönwandt, D. & Patel, A.V. 2014. Screening of liquid media and fermentation of an endophytic Beauveria bassiana strain in a bioreactor. AMB Express, 4: 47.
Lohse, R., Jakobs–Schönwandt, D., Vidal, S. & Patel, A.V. 2015. Evaluation of new fermentation and formulation strategies for a high endophytic establishment of Beauveria bassiana in oilseed rape plants. Biological Control, 88: 26–36.
MacLeod, D.M. 1954. Investigations on the genera Beauveria Vuill and Tritiraehium Limber. Canadian Journal of Botany, 32: 818–890.
Martin, J.H., Mifsud, D. & Rapisarda, C. 2000. The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 90: 407–448.
Mascarin, G.M., Jackson, M.A., Kobori, N.N., Behle, R.W. & Júnior, I.D. 2014. Liquid culture fermentation for rapid production of desiccation tolerant blastospores of Beauveria bassiana and Isaria fumosorosea strains. Journal of  Invertebrate Pathology, 127: 11–20.
Mascarin, G.M., Jackson, M.A., Kobori, N.N., Behle, R.W., Dunlap, C.A. and Júnior, I.D. 2015. Glucose concentration alters dissolved oxygen levels in liquid cultures of Beauveria bassiana and affects formation and bioefficacy of blastospores. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99(16):6653-6665.
Mascarin, G.M., Jackson, M.A., Behle, R.W., Kobori, N.N. & Júnior, I.D. 2016. Improved shelf life of dried Beauveria bassiana blastospores using convective drying and active packaging processes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,100 (19): 8359-8370.
Rashid, M., Talaei–Hassanloui, R., Khodaiyan, F. & Goettel, M. 2019. Potential use of some liquid natural media for the production of blastospores of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering, 50(2): 489–497.
Rombach, M.C. 1988. Production of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina; Hyphomycetes) sympoduloconidia in submerged culture. Entomophaga, 33: 315–324.
Thomas, K.C., Khachatourians, G.G. & Ingledew, W.M. 1987. Production and properties of Beauveria bassiana conidia cultivated in submerged culture. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 33: 12–20.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics