Review on the side effects of pesticides and how to evaluate these effects on Trichogramma in Iran

Document Type : Review Paper

Author

1- Plant Protection Research Department, Markazi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, AREEO, Arak, Iran.

10.22092/bcpp.2023.362917.339

Abstract

The egg parasitoid Trichogramma spp is biological control agents of a wide range of agricultural and forests pests. At least 12 species of Trichogramma are commercially used in biological control programs in different countries of the world. These wasps can be reared on secondary hosts more quickly and easily than other biological control agents. So far, 11 species of Trichogramma have been identified from different parts of Iran and some species have reached mass rearing in the country. During the last few decades, different species of Trichogramma have been used in biological control of many pests including carob moth in pomegranate, rice stem borer, codling moth, European corn stem borer and cotton bollworm in different parts of Iran. Chemical control is currently the most important tool in agricultural pest management, the use of hazardous chemical compounds has caused environmental pollution, secondary pest outbreaks, emergence of resistance, threats to human health and adverse effects on non–target organisms. Most conventional pesticides used to control pests are broad–spectrum compounds that kill natural enemy populations similar to the pests. Numerous studies have shown that pesticides used to control pests have many side effects on natural enemies, including changes in growth, development rate, and sex ratio. To evaluate the side effects of pesticides on various biological agents, some standards have been developed by the IOBC. The results of which, in addition to international acceptance, can provide valuable recommendations for use in IPM programs and help to find selected compounds compatible with biological control agents and reduces the use of pesticides. The present article is a review of studies on the side effects of pesticides on different species of Trichogramma wasps in Iran, which is being conducted for the first time and hoped to pave the way for the development of integrated pest control in the country.
.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Afshari, A., Gorzalddin, M. & Mottaki, E. 2014. Side effects of Indoxacarb and Lufenuron on Trichogramma achaeae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in laboratory condition, Plant Protection, 37(3): 61–79.
Afshari, A., Hamzepour Chenari, E., Iraji, A. & Asghari Larimi, M. 2018. Lethal and sublethal effects of thiodicarb and hexaflumuron on egg parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko under laboratory conditions, Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 41(1): 76–90. (In Persian with English summary).
Ahmadpour, R., Rafiee–Dastjerdi, H., Naseri, B., Hassanpour, M., Ebadollahi, A. & Mahdavi, V. 2021. Lethal and sublethal toxicity of some plant–derived essential oils in ectoparasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 41: 601–610.
Alimirzanejad, H., Vahedi, H., Sadeghi, A. & Dadpourmoghanloo, H. 2012. Investigation of side effects of four fungicide on Trichogramma brassicae. Master Thesis in Plant Protection, Razi University of Kermanshah, 54 pp.
Alizadeh, S.H. & Ebrahimi, E. 2004. Investigation on biology of Trichogramma pintoi (the egg parasitoid of winter moth) on laboratory host. Proceedings of the 16 th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Vol. 1: Pests. p. 79.
Al–Rajab, A.J., Alhababy, A.M. & Alfaifi, T. 2016. Persistence of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl in qat leaves. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 9(5): 51–59.
Alsaedi, G., Ashouri, A. & Talaei hassanloui, R. 2017. Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis to Control Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under Laboratory Conditions. Agricultural Sciences, 8: 591–599.
Alsaedi, G., Ashouri, A. & Talaei hassanloui, R. 2016. Effect of treating eggs of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta with Bacillus thuringiensis on biological characteristics of three Trichogramma species under laboratory conditions. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 5(3): 324–328.
Asadi, M., Nouri–Ganbalani, G., Rafiee–Dastjerdi, H., Hassanpour, M. & Naseri, B. 2018. The effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oils on demographic parameters of Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hym.: Braconidae) on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae) Larvae. Journal of Essential Oil–Bearing Plants, 21: 713–731.
Ashtari, S. 2018. Survey of Persistency of Spinosad, Imidacloprid and Indoxacarb on Trichogramma brassicae and T. evanescens, Journal of Plant Protection, 33(1): 27–34.
Ashtari, S. 2022 a. Efficacy of spinosad, imidacloprid, indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole on Tuta absoluta and two species of parasitoid wasps. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection, 11(2):79–90.
Ashtari, S. 2022b. Toxicity of tetraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole, lufenuron and thiocyclam insecticides on Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko and T. evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) under laboratory and semi–field conditions. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 45(3), 91–103. https://doi.org/ 10.22055/ppr.2022.17829.
Ashtari, S., Sabahi, Q. & Talebi Jahromi, K. 2018a. Evaluation of toxicity of some biocompatible insecticides on Trichogramma brassicae and T. evanescens under laboratory and semi–field conditions. Journal of Crop Protection, 7(4): 459–469.
Ashtari, S., Sabahi, Q. & Talebi Jahromi, K. 2018b. Effects of some insecticides against tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and egg parasitoids Trichogramma brassicae and T. evanescens (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae), Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science, 49(2): 341–351.
Ashtari, S., Sabahi, Q. & Talebi Jahromi, K. 2019. Comparison of the Insecticidal Effect of Several Compounds on Biological Parameters of Trichogramma brassicae, Pesticides in Plant Protection Sciences, 8(1): 47–61.
Ashtari, S., Sabahi, Q. & Talebi Jahromi, K. 2020a. Survey of Parasitismic Effect of Two Species of Trichogramma on Eggs of Tuta absoluta under Effect of Pesticides, Journal of Vegetables, 4(7): 1–11.
Ashtari, S., Sabahi, Q. & Talebi Jahromi, K. 2020b. Effects of Four Insecicides on Immature Stages of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Egg Parasitoid of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep.: Gelechiidae), Applied Researches in Plant Protection, 9(1): 45–58.
Barati, R., Golmohammadi, G.R. & Mansouri, R. 2014. The repellency effects of pymetrozin and several herbal insecticides on Bemisia tabaci and the lethal effects of these compounds on Encarsia formosa. Biocontrol in Plant Protection, 3(2): 35–45.
Bhargavi, M. 2017. Effect of different insecticides on adult emergence of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii), International Journal of Plant Protection, 10(1): 79–82.
Chailleux, A., Biondi, A., Han, P., Tabone, E. & Desneux, N. 2013. Suitability of the pest–plant system Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) tomato for Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitoids and insights for biological control, Journal of Economic Entomology, 106(6): 2310–2321.
Consoli, F.L., Parra, J.R.P. & Zucchi, R.A. 2010. Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on Trichogramma, progress in Biological Control, VOL,9.1sted, 482pp.
Costa, M.A., Muscardini, V.F., Gontijo, P.D.C., Carvalho, G.A., Oliveira, R.L.D. & Oliveira, H.N.D. 2014. Sub lethal and transgenerational effects of insecticides in developing Trichogramma galloi. Ecotoxicology, Springer, 23(8): 1399–1408.
Desneux, N., Wajnberg, E., Wychhuys, A.G., Burgio, G. Arpaia, S., Naryaez–Vasquez, C., Gonzalez–Cabrera, J., Catalan Ruescas, D., Tabone, E., Frandon, J., Pizzol, J., Poncet, C.H., Cabello, T. & Urbaneja, A.  2010. Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control Journal of Pest Science, 83: 197–215.
Desneux, N., Decourtype, A. & Delpuech, J.M. 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 52:81–106.
Ebrahimi, A., Lotfofalizadeh, H., Kazmi, M.H. & Jafarloo, M. 2012. Performance of Trichograma and Kaolin in Controlling of Ectomyelis ceratoniae (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Siah Road. Journal of Entomology of Crop, 1(2): 15–24.
Ebrahimi, A., Pintoro, B. & Shojaei, M. 1998. Studying morphological and enzymatic species of genus of Trichogramma in Iran. Journal of Plant Pests and Diseases, 1(66): 122–142.
Ghazzagh, M. 2016. Effects of two insecticides proclimfit and flubendiamid on biological parameters of Trichogramma brassicae in laboratory conditions, Msc thesis, agricultural entomology, Gorgan University, 89 pp.
Ghorbani, M., Saber, M., Bagheri, M. & Vaez, N. 2016. Effects of diazinon and fipronil on Different Developmental Stages of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym.; Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, (18): 1267–1278.
Hadian, S., Zandi–Sohani, N., Yarahmadi, F. & Sohrabi, F. 2020. Effects of spirotetramat and chlorpyrifos on the functional response of Aenasius bambawalei Hayat. Biocontrol in Plant Protection, 8(1): 47–56.
IOBC–WPRS Bulletin, 2008. Working Group Standard methods to test the side‐effects of pesticides on natural enemies of insects and mites developed by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 15(2): 214–255.
Jafari, M., Rafieidastjardi, H., Nouriqanbalani, Q., Fathi, A.A., Hasanpour, M. & Ebadallahi, A. 2021. Smoke toxicity of three plant essential oils on Phthorimaea operculella and its effect on the percentage of Trichogramma brassicae parasitism. Plant Pest Research, 11(1): 71–85.
Jafari, M., Saber, M., Bagheri, M. & Gharakhani, H. 2013. Effects of Emamectin Benzoate and ethoxyfenozide on Functional Response of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym:  Trichogrammatidae), Applied Researches in Plant Protection, 2(2): 59–70.
Jafarinodooshan, A., Shamszadeh, M., Sami, M.A. & Khalili, M. 2012. Effect of the stinking assa extract on parasitism and mortality rate of Trichogramma wasp as carob moth egg parasitoids (Trichogramma brasicae) in vitro. National Congress of Pomegranate, pp. 605–609.
Kabirireisabad, M. & Amiribeshli, B. 2013. Toxicity of Tondexir herbal insecticide and acetamiprid chemical insecticide on two species of the most important natural enemies of common Pistachio psyllium. Journal of New Research in Plant Protection, 3(17): 251–260.
Khan, H.D.T., Chailleux, A., Tiradon, M., Desneux, N., Colombel, E. & Tabone, E. 2012. Using new egg parasitoids (Trichogramma spp) to improve integrated management against Tuta absoluta EPPO Bulletin, 42(2): 249–254.
Knutson, A. 2005. The Trichogramma manual, The texas A& M university system. http://insects.tamu.edu/extension/bulletins/b–6071.html
Khorrami, F., Soleimanzadeh, A., Forouzan, M., Nouri, H. & Alikhani, M. 2019. Lethal and deterrent efficacy of three plants extracts on the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller and influence on percent parasitism of Trichogramma brassicae. Biological in Plant Protection, 6: 77–87. (In Persian with English summary).
Mahdavi, V., Saber, M., Rafiee–Dastjerdi, H. & Kamita S.G. 2015. Lethal and demographic impact of chlorpyrifos and spinosad on the ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Neotropical Entomology, 44(6): 626–633.
Moezipour, M., Kafil, M. & Allahyari, H. 2008. Functional response of Trichogramma brassicae at different temperatures and relative humidities, Bulletin of Insectology,61(2): 245–250.
Mollanorouzi, F., Hesami, Sh., Ghaibi, M., Hoseini, M. & Fallahzadeh, M. 2018. The lethal effect of indoxacarb and thiodicarb insecticides on the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae. Journal of Entomological Research, 11(1): 65–77.
Mozaffari, M., Vahedi, H. & Dadpourmoghanloo, H. 2012. Evaluation of side effects of fenitrothion, diazinon and chlorpyrifos insecticides current in rice fields on Trichogramma brassicae. 15th National Rice Conference, 1–4.
Nekunam, A., Afshari, A. & Nadimi, A. 2020. Investigation of persistency and toxicity of compound insecticides on cotton bushes in order protection against Trichogramma brassicae Bezd. Iranian Cotton Research Journal, 8(2): 107–126.
Nozad– Bonab, Z., Hejazi, M.J., Iranipour, S.H., Arzanlou, M. & Biondai, A. 2020. Lethal and sublethal effects of synthetic and bio–insecticides on Trichogramma brassicae parasitizing Tuta absoluta. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.20.391003.
Overmeer, W.P.J. & Vanzon, A.G. 1982. A standardized method for testing the side effects of pesticides on the predacious mite Amblyseius potentillae, Entomophaga, 27(4): 357–363.
Parsaeyan, E., Safavi, S.A., Saber, M. & Poorjavad, N. 2017. Effects of emamectin benzoate and cypermethrin on the demography of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko. Crop Protection, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.03.026, 1–6
Parsaeyan, E., Safavi, S.A., Saber, M. & Poorjavad, N. 2018. Effects of emamectin benzoate and cypermetrin on the demography of Trichogramma brassicae. Crop Protection, (110): 269–274.
Pinto, J.D. 2006. A review of the new world genera of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera), Journal Hymenoptera Research, 15: 38–163.
Poorjavad, N. & Goldansaz, S.H., Dadpour, H., Khajeali, J. 2014. Effect of essential oil on some biological and behavioral traits of Trichogramma embryophagum and T. evanescens, Biocontrol, 59: 403–413.
Potting, R.P.J., Van der Gaag, D.J., Loomans, A., van der Straten, M., Anderson, H., MacLeod, A., Castrillón, J.M.G. & Cambra, G.V. 2013. Tuta absoluta, Tomato Leaf Miner Moth or South American Tomato Moth. Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands.
Rafiqi, Z., Sharifi, M., Javar, S. & Mottaki, A. 2016. Investigation the lethal effects of consult and Confidor insecticides on Trichogramma brassicae parasitoid wasp eggs in laboratory conditions. National Conference on New Researches in Agricultural Engineering, Environment and Natural Resources, 1–8.
Rui, L., Satta, A. & Floris, I. 2008. Effects of a azadirachtin–based formulation on the non target muscoid fly parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Biological Control, 47: 66–70.
Ruiz, L., Flores, S., Cancino, J., Arredondo, J., Valle, J., Diaz–Fleischer, F. & Saber, M. 2011. Acute and population level toxicity of imidacloprid and fenpyroxymate on an important egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae. Ecotoxicology, 20(6): 1476–1484.
Saber, M. 2011. Acute and population level toxicity of imidacloprid and fenpyroximate on an important egg parasitoid, Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Ecotoxicology, 20: 1476–1484.
Saber, M., Ghorbani, M., Vaez, N. & Armak, A. 2020. Effects of diazinon and fipronil on functional response of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym.; Trichogrammatidae) in the laboratory   conditions. Journal of Crop Protection, 9(2): 275–283.
Saber, M., Vojudi, S., Parsaeyan, A. & Ahmadi, A. 2018. Lethal and non–lethal effects of propargit, benomyl, haloxyfop ethothyl, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos ethyl pesticides on the biological parameters of the wasp Trichogramma brassicae. Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran, 39(2): 110–123.
Saber, M., Vojudi, S., Farrokhi, M. & Ahmadi, A. 2017. The effect of field concentrations of Spinosad and Emamectin benzoate insecticides on the biological parameters of chrysoperla carnea in laboratory conditions, Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection, 7(1): 57–67.
Saber, M., Hejazi, M.J. & Hassan, S.A. 2004. Effects of azadirachtin/Neemazal on different stages and adult life table parameters of Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, (97): 905–910.
Saber, M., Hejazi, M.J., Kamali, K. & Mohrramipour, S. 2001. The effects of fenitrothion and deltamethrin on the immature stages and biological parameters of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus semistriatus, Plant Pests and Diseases, 69(1): 119–134.
Sarmadi, S., Nouri–Ganbalani, G., Rafiee–Dastjerdi, H., Hassanpour, M. & Farshbaf– Pourabad, R. 2010. The effects of imidacloprid, indoxacarb and deltamethrin on some biological and demographic parameters of Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in adult stage treatment. Munis Entomology and Zoology, 5: 646–651.
Sayed, S.M., El–Shehawi, A.M. & Al–Otaibi, S.A. 2012. Molecular and biological characterization of Trichogramma turkestanica (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) which inhabits taif governorate at the west of Saudi Arabia, African Journal Biotechnology, 10(46): 9467–9472.
Sedaratian, A., Fathipour, Y. & Talaei–Hassanloui, R. 2013. Deleterious effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on biological parameters of Habrobracon hebetor parasitizing Helicoverpa armigera. BioControl, 59(1): 89–98.
Shafaghi, F., Fourouzan, M., Mahdavi, V. & Attaran, M.R. 2023. Effect of chlorantraniliprole, Flubendiamide, and Indoxacarb against tomato leaf miner, and side effects of chlorantraniliprole on the parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma brassicae. Plant Pest Research, 13(1): 39–49.
Sheikhigarjan, A., Talebijahormi, K. & Pourmirza, A.A. 2013. The effect of several phosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides on different developmental stages of the egg parasitoid wasp Trissolcus grandis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Agricultural Science and Technology and Natural Resources, 8(4): 157–164.
Sidi, M.B., Islam, Md.T., Ibrahim, Y. & Dzolkhifli, O. 2013.Effect of azadirachtin and rotenone on Trichogramma papilionis (Hym: Trichogrammatidae), Journal of Food Agriculture and Environmental 2: 1509–1513.
Shi, Z.H., Guo, S.J., Lin, W.C. & Liu, S.S. 2004. Evaluation of selective toxicity of five pesticides against Plutella xylostella (Lep: Plutellidae) and their side–effects against Cotesia plutellae (Hym: Braconidae) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Pest Management Science, 60: 1213–1219.
Shirazi, J., Bahrami, A. & Rezapanah, M. 2018. Side Effects of Five Pesticides on Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 66(1): 57 – 68.
Shirazi, J., Morsali, H. & Rezaei, M. 2009. A review on the side effects of chemical pesticides on the pests' natural enemies. (In Persian with English abstract). In: IRIPP, PPO, editors, Proceeding of Half a Century Pesticides Usage in Iran, p. 103–132.
Sohrabi, F. & Amini, E. 2015. Effect of pesticides used in tomato fields of Iran on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) under laboratory conditions. Biological Forum, 7(2): 975–980.
Sohrabi, F., Shishehbor, P., Saber, M., & Mossadegh, M. S. (2014). Effects of buprofezin and imidacloprid on functional response of Eretomcerus mundus Mercet. Plant Protection Science, 50(3): 145–150. https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/123754.pdf
Stark, J.D. & Banks J.E. 2003. Population–level effects of pesticides and other toxicants on arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 48: 505–519. 30.
Sterk, G., Hassan, S.A., Baillod, M., Bakker, F., Bigler, F., Blümel, S. & Calis, J.N.M. 1999. Results of the seventh joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC, WPRS–Working Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’. BioControl, 44(1): 99–117.
Suh, C.P., Orr, D.B. & Van Duyn, J.W. 2000. Effect of insecticides on Trichogramma exiguum (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) preimaginal development and adult survival. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(3): 577–583.
Tabebordbar, F., Shishehbor, P., Ziaee, M. & Sohrabi, F. 2020. Effects of field recommended concentrations of three different insecticides on life table parameters of the parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) under laboratory conditions. Plant Pest Research, 9(4): 11–23.
Talebijahormi, Kh. 2013. Toxicology of pesticides. Tehran University Press, 507 pp.
Theiling, K.M. & Croft, B.A. 1988. Pesticide side–effect on arthropod natural enemies: A database summary, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 21(3–4): 191–216.
Tian, H.X. & Lin, N.Q. 2009. The genus Trichogrammatoidea Girault from Hainan, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae). Acta Zootaxon. Sin, 34: 360–66
Uma, S., Jacob, S. & Lyla, K.R. 2014. Acute contact toxicity of selected conventional and novel insecticides to Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae, Journal of Biopest,7: 133–136.
Vaez, N., Iranipour, S. & Hejazi, M.J. 2020. The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on the biological parameters of the wasp Trichogramma brassicae. Applied Researches in Plant Protection, 9(3): 29–45.
Yousefi Porshokouh, A., Mohaghghegh Neishabouri, J., Karimpour, Y. & Shirazi, J. 2018. Investigation the effect of six recommended pesticides in rice fields on the productivity and survival of the predator Andrallus spinidens in laboratory conditions. Biocontrol in Plant Protection, 7(1): 29–38.
Zappala, L., Bernardo, U., Biondi, A., Cocco, A., Deliperi, S., Delrio, G., Giorgini, M. & Pedata, P., Rapisarda, C., Tropea Garzia, G. & Siscaro, G. 2012. Recruitment of native parasitoids by the exotic pest Tuta absoluta in Southern Italy. Bulletin of Insectology, 65: 51–61.
BioControl in Plant Protection
Volume 10, Issue 2
December 2023
Pages 9-30

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics