Effect of plant extracts on root–knot nematode pathogenicity caused by Meloidogyne sp. on greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MS.c. Student, Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Yazd, Iran.

2 https://ardakan.ac.ir/

3 Associate professor, Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Yazd, Iran.

10.22092/bcpp.2025.368125.384

Abstract

Background & Objectives
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), belongs to the pumpkin family, is an annual plant & is one of the most important vegetables in Iran & the world. Meloidone sp. nematodes are one of the most important nematodes causing damage to greenhouse, agricultural & garden products. Due to the pesticidal properties of the extracts & products of many plants, they can be used to control pests & plant diseases, these plant materials are easy to prepare & safe, & they are environmentally friendly.
Materials & Methods
This study was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design & in four replications & the effect of aqueous extracts of five types of plants (Ferula, bitter olive, savory, tagetes, roselle) on tuber producing nematode in greenhouse cucumber, the effect of these extracts in the laboratory environment on nematode larvae & eggs were investigated in the greenhouse on nematode pathogenicity, & in third section, plant extracts were tested on the activity of defensive enzymes (total protein, catalase & peroxidase) in cucumber plants.
Results
According to the results, all the investigated treatments caused a significant increase in larval mortality at 24 & 48 hours after the experiment. Tagetes, among the studied extracts, showed the highest percentage of larvae mortality in the first 24 hours, in all concentrations. In the second 24 hours (48 hours), all concentrations of tagetes extract (0, 5, 15, 25 & 50%) had the greatest effect on the mortality of nematode larvae compared to other extracts. that the concentrations of 50 & 25% caused the death of 100 & 82.5% of nematode larvae. Despite the acceptable nematicidal effect of all the investigated extracts, the effect of the aqueous extract of parsley flower & then the extract of Ferula on the death of nematode larvae was much more significant than other extracts. The highest percentage of inhibition of nematode egg hatching was observed at 50% concentration of different extracts, & the highest inhibition was related to tagetes extract with 90% inhibition, Ferula extract with 73.50% inhibition, bitter olive extract with 67.52% inhibition & Sour tea with inhibition was 65.21%. In the greenhouse, after 45 days, the effect of different levels of plant extracts on the two factors of gall index & the number of second instar larvae per 200 grams of soil was evaluated. All used treatments significantly reduced the number of larvae in the soil compared to the control (348 larvae). The lowest number of larvae among the applied treatments was related to the concentration of 100% tagetes extract with the number of 41.67 larvae. The highest numerical value of gall index, after the control, was related to the concentration of 25% bitter olive extract, whose numerical value was 4.67 without any difference with the control, the smallest gall index was showed in the treatment of 75% tagetes extract with a numerical value of 1.67. The results of measuring the amount of protein showed that the highest amount of protein was related to the concentration of 100% of tagetes extract with nematodes (on the fifteenth day) at a protein level of 1.99 mg/liter, & then the concentration of 75% of the extract with nematodes to the amount was 1.63 mg. The highest level of peroxidase enzyme activity was observed in 100% concentration of tagetes extract with nematode, at the rate of 3.39 ΔOD/Min/mg protein. The highest activity level of catalase enzyme was observed in 100% concentration of tagetes extract with nematode, at 34.5ΔOD/Min/mg protein, & among the days of sampling, the highest activity level of both catalase peroxidase enzymes was observed on the 15th day.
Discussion
According to the results of studying the activity of plant defense enzymes, it was found that plant extracts (tagetes) have the ability to induce defense responses even in sensitive cultivars. In this research, it was proved that the extract of parsley flower, with its significant effect on increasing the expression of defense genes of the plant & as a result of increasing the activity of defense genes, increases the resistance of the plant to the pathogen M. javanica.
 
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Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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BioControl in Plant Protection
Volume 12, Issue 1
August 2024
Pages 29-49

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