مروری بر فرمولاسیون آفت‌کش‌های میکروبی

نوع مقاله : علمی-مروری

نویسندگان

مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

چکیده

با توجه به اثرات ناگوار استفاده از آفت‌کش‌های شیمیایی بر محیط زیست و سلامت انسان، امروزه، کاربرد آفت‌کش‌های زیستی (biopesticides) به‌عنوان روش‌ جایگزین، مؤثر و در عین حال بی‌خطر، برای کنترل آفات در برنامه‏های کشاورزی پایدار ضروری و حیاتی تلقی می‏شوند. آفت‌کش‌های زیستی که در این جا به آن‌ها پرداخته می‌شود، شامل فرآورده‌هایی است که حاوی میکروارگانیسم‌های زنده می‌باشد (microbial biopesticides). اگرچه، تعداد فراوانی از سویه‌های مؤثر آفت‌کش‌های میکروبی شناسایی شده‌اند اما یکی از دلایل اصلی عدم موفقیت تجاری آن‌ها، نبودِ فرمولاسیون‌های مناسب می‌باشد. چالش‌های متعدد علمی و فنی در فرآیند فرمولاسیون آفت‌کش‌های زیستی وجود دارد. با این حال، با پیشرفت‌های فنی و نگرش نوین جامعه به غذا و محیط زیست سالم، ثبت و فروش آفت‌کش‌های زیستی در دنیا در حال افزایش بوده و پیش بینی‌ها حاکی از افزایش فروش سالیانه آفت‌کش‌های زیستی در سال‌های آینده می‌باشد. در این مقاله مروری، ابتدا مقدمه‌ای درباره ضرورت کاربرد آفت‌کش‌های زیستی به‌عنوان جایگزینی مناسب برای سموم شیمیایی و جایگاه آن‌ها در کشاورزی نوین بیان می‌شود. سپس به چالش‌های کلی تولید و تجاری‌سازی آفت‌کش‌های میکروبی و فنِ فرمولاسیون به‌طور ویژه پرداخته خواهد ‌شد. مراحل قبل از فرمولاسیون شامل انتخاب سویه مناسب، حفظ و نگهداری طولانی مدت آن و نیز روش های تکثیر انبوه به‌طور خلاصه ذکر می‌شود. سپس، انواع کلی فرمولاسیون‌ها (مایع و جامد) و مزایا و معایب آن‌ها شرح داده شده و به مواد مختلف همراه و افزودنی‌های فرمولاسیون و نیز عوامل متفاوت محیطی تأثیرگذار بر فرمولاسیون‌ها اشاره خواهد شد. در ادامه فرمولاسیون‌های مختلف آفت‌کش‌های میکروبی به‌طور جداگانه و با ذکر مثال شرح داده می‌شود.

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