کنترل بیولوژیک آزولا در ایران: چالش‌ها و ظرفیت‌های موجود

نوع مقاله : علمی-مروری

نویسنده

مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، رشت، ایران

چکیده

سرخس آبزی آزولا در چند دهه اخیر مشکلات متعددی را در زیستگاه‌های آبی شمال کشور و شالیزارها ایجاد کرد‌ه است. علی‌رغم اینکه این گیاه آبزی از جمله گونه‌های مهاجم مهم در دنیا شناخته می‌شود، با مدیریت و استفاده از عوامل کنترل بیولوژیک در زیستگاه‌های طبیعی، می‌تواند به‌عنوان گونه‌ای مفید مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. در مدیریت آزولا آگاهی از مشخصات گیاه از نظر و تکثیر، علل تهاجمی شدن و عوامل کنترل بیولوژیکی این گیاه در منطقه اهمیت بسیار زیادی دارد. در شمال ایران، مهیا بودن شرایط محیطی مناسب از جمله رطوبت بالا، دمای مناسب، عدم وجود دشمنان طبیعی تخصصی سبب گسترش گیاه و تهاجمی شدن آن شده‌ است. بررسی‌های انجام شده در سال‌های اخیر نشان داده که برخی از گونه‌های بومی یا مهاجر در منطقه از جمله Cataclysta lemnata، Nomophila noctuella، Diasemiopsis ramburialis و Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae روی آزولا فعالیت کرده و پراکنش گسترده‌ای دارند. همچنین اخیراً فعالیت سرخرطومی Stenopelmus rufinasus که گونه‌ای غیربومی است نیز در کشور تایید شده است. بررسی‌ها نشان داد که دو گونةC. lemnata  و S. rufinasus به‌عنوان عوامل کنترل بیولوژیک و سایر گونه‌های یافت‌شده به‌عنوان فاکتورهای مقاومت زیستی می‌توانند در کنترل آزولا در نواحی شمالی مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. با توجه به این یافته‌ها و اطلاعات موجود، منابع لازم برای مهار آزولا شمال کشور وجود دارد و با فراهم آمدن امکانات ضروری می‌توان این گیاه را در شمال کشور به خوبی مهار کرد.

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