کنترل قارچ آسپرژیلوس و آفلاتوکسین حاصل ازآن با استفاده از مواد مؤثره گیاهی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه بیماری‌شناسی گیاهی، دانشکـده کشـاورزی، واحد ورامین-پیشـوا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ورامین، تهران، ایران

2 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه اردکان، اردکان، ایران

چکیده

پسته یک محصول مهم صادراتی در ایران است. این محصول همواره به‌وسیلۀ قارچ بیمارگر Aspergillus flavus و آفلاتوکسین ناشی از آن تهدید می­شود. در حال حاضر محققین به دنبال استفاده از روش­های بی­خطر جایگزین، به جای استفاده از سایر روش‌های کنترل بیماری‌های گیاهی مانند استفاده از سموم شیمیایی، هستند. عصاره­های گیاهی به‌صورت یک روش دوست‌دار محیط زیست، می­تواند برای کنترل A. flavus استفاده شود. در این مطالعه تأثیر عصاره­های گیاهی شامل اندامهوایی اسطوخودوس فرانسوی (Lavandula stoechas)، آویشن شیرازی (Thymus vuldaris)، بذر رازیانه (Foeniculum vulgare)، اندامهوایی مرزه (Satureja hortensis) روی میزان تولید و هم‌چنین خاصیت تجزیه­کنندگی آفلاتوکسین تولیدی، به‌وسیلۀ روش­های دیسک کاغذی و اختلاط عصاره با محیط کشت و نیز روی پسته مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد استفاده از غلظت 2000 میلی­گرم در لیتر عصارة متانولی اسطوخودوس به میزان 63/65 درصد از رشد قارچ بیمارگر کاست. در آزمون استفاده از عصاره­ها روی دیسک کاغذی و هم‌چنین اختلاط عصاره‌ها با محیط کشت، عصارۀ آبی اسطوخودوس با غلظت 2000 میکروگرم در میلی­لیتر، به­ترتیب با 31/39 و 96/55 درصد ممانعت از قارچ و عصارۀ آویشن شیرازی با غلظت 2000 میکروگرم در میلی­لیتر به­ترتیب با 53/29 و 54/39 درصد ممانعت از قارچ، مؤثرترین عصاره­ها بودند. زمانی­که عصاره­ها به طور مستقیم روی قارچ تولیدکنندۀ آفلاتوکسین به‌کار گرفته شدند، نتایج نشان داد که غلظت 4000 میلی­گرم در لیتر اسطوخودوس به‌میزان 18/91 درصد از تولید آفلاتوکسین کل در محیط کشت جلوگیری به‌عمل آورد. در نهایت عصارۀ آبی اسطوخودوس در غلظت 4000 میلی­گرم در لیتر بیشترین تأثیر را (95/76 درصد) نسبت به شاهد در کاهش میزان اسپور تولیدی به‌وسیلۀ قارچ بیمارگر روی میوۀ پسته نشان داد. نتایج میزان آفلاتوکسین موجود در پسته­ها نشان داد که هر دو گیاه مورد مطالعه (اسطوخودوس و آویشن شیرازی) در غلظت­های 2000 و 4000 میلی­گرم در لیتر باعث کاهش معنی­دار میزان آفلاتوکسین B1 تولیدی شدند. نظر به تأثیر بسیار خوب عصاره­های گیاهی  مورد مطالعه در این تحقیق در آزمایشگاه و هم‌چنین روی پسته، به‌خصوص اسطوخودوس و آویشن شیرازی به‌عنوان ترکیبات با اثرات قارچ‌کشی بالا و دوستدار محیط زیست شناخته شدند.

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