مروری براثرات جانبی آفت‌کش‌ها و چگونگی ارزیابی این اثرات روی زنبور تریکوگراما در ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی-مروری

نویسنده

مربی، بخش تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مرکزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اراک، ایران

10.22092/bcpp.2023.362917.339

چکیده

زنبورهای تریکوگراما (.Trichogramma spp) پارازیتوئید تخم طیف گسترده‌­ای از آفات محصولات کشاورزی و عرصه­‌های منابع طبیعی به شمار می­‌روند و حداقل 12 گونه از این جنس به­‌طور گسترده و تجاری در برنامه‎‌­های مهار زیستی کشورهای مختلف استفاده می‌­شوند. این زنبورها نسبت به سایر عوامل مهار زیستی با سرعت زیاد و  به سادگی روی میزبان­‌های ثانویه قابل پرورش هستند. تاکنون 11 گونه از زنبورهای جنس تریکوگراما از مناطق مختلف ایران شناسایی شده‌اند و برخی گونه‌ها در کشور به مرحله پرورش انبوه رسیده است. در طول چند دهه اخیر از گونه‌های مختلف این زنبور در مهار زیستی کرم گلوگاه انار، کرم ساقه‌خوار برنج، کرم سیب، ساقه­‌خوار اروپایی ذرت و کرم­ غوزه پنبه در نقاط مختلف ایران استفاده شده است. با توجه به اینکه در حال حاضر مبارزه شیمیایی مهمترین ابزار در مدیریت آفات کشاورزی می‌باشد، استفاده از ترکیبات شیمیایی خطرناک سبب آلودگی‌­های زیست­ محیطی، طغیان آفات ثانویه، ظهور مقاومت، تهدید سلامتی انسان و اثرات نامطلوب روی موجودات غیرهدف شده است. بیشتر آفت­‌کش­‌های مرسوم که برای کنترل آفات استفاده می‌شوند، ترکیبات آلی با طیف وسیع هستند که جمعیت‌های دشمنان طبیعی را مشابه آفات نابود می­‌کنند. مطالعات متعددی نشان داده‌اند که حشره­‌کش‌­هایی که برای کنترل آفات به کار می روند اثرات جانبی متعددی روی دشمنان طبیعی دارند از جمله تغییراتی که در رشد و نمو، درصد خروج و نسبت جنسی ایجاد می­‌کنند. برای ارزیابی اثرات جانبی آفت­‌کش­‌ها بر دشمنان طبیعی، استانداردهایی توسط سازمان جهانی مهار زیستی تدوین شده که نتایج آن علاوه بر مقبولیت بین المللی می­‌تواند حاوی توصیه‌های ارزشمندی برای استفاده در برنامه­‌های مدیریت تلفیقی آفات باشد. مطالعاتی که به اثرات جانبی آفت‌کش­‌ها روی دشمنان طبیعی می‌­پردازد، به یافتن ترکیبات انتخابی سازگار با عوامل مهار زیستی کمک می‌­کند. استفاده از ترکیبات انتخابی که ایمنی به نسبت بالایی برای دشمنان طبیعی داشته باشد راه را برای استفاده از این ترکیبات در کنار عوامل مهار زیستی در برنامه‌­های مدیریت تلفیقی آفات هموار می­‌سازد و از میزان مصرف آفت‌کش­‌ها می‌کاهد. مقاله حاضر مروری است بر مطالعات انجام شده در زمینه اثرات جانبی آفت­‌کش­‌ها روی گونه‌­های مختلف زنبور تریکوگراما در ایران که امید است بتواند زمینه‌­ساز توسعه بیشتر کنترل تلفیقی آفات در کشور باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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