مهار زیستی بیماری بلاست برنج با استفاده از قارچ‌های آنتاگونیست در شرایط آزمایشگاه و گلخانه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران

چکیده

بیماری بلاست برنج با عامل Pyricularia oryzae یکی از مهم­ترین بیماری­های قارچی برنج در ایران و جهان است. از ۱۵۰ نمونه نشاء، برگ و خوشه سالم و آلوده برنج جمع­آوری شده از مزارع برنج استان گیلان، ۶۸ جدایه قارچی به­دست آمد. ۱۱ جدایه قارچی شناسایی­شده بر مبنای روش­های ریخت­شناختی و مولکولی شامل Ulocladium alternariae،Ulocladium cf. alternariae،Ulocladium cf. consortiale، Ulocladium sp.، Curvularia pallescens،Preussia sp. ، Trichoderma harzianum ، Trichoderma virens، Trichoderma viride،Alternaria citriوEpicoccum sp. که در آزمون بیماری‌زایی قادر به ایجاد بیماری روی برنج نبودند، برای مطالعات مهار زیستی بیماری بلاست برنج انتخاب شدند. در آزمایشگاه از آزمون‌های کشت متقابل، کشت روی اسلاید، متابولیت­های فرار و عصاره کشت استفاده شد و براساس نتایج به دست آمده، جدایه­هایT. harzianum، T. virens، T. viride،A. citriو U. cf. consortialeبه­ترتیب بیشترین درصد مهار رشد میسلیومی بیمارگر را نشان دادند. این جدایه­های قارچی در مرحلة چهار برگی روی گیاه برنج رقم هاشمی در شرایط گلخانه مایه­زنی شدند. تمامی جدایه­ها به‌ استثنای U. cf. alternariae قادر به کاهش شدت بیماری بلاست برگ شدند که T. harzianum با کاهش شدت بیماری به­میزان 36/27 درصد مؤثرترین آنتاگونیست در بررسی­های گلخانه­ای بود و پس از آن جدایه­های T. virens، T. viride وA. citri قرار داشتند. مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها به روش حداقل اختلاف معنی­دار (LSD) نشان داد که بین قارچ­های بیوکنترل T. harzianum،U. cf. alternariae و Preussia sp.اختلاف معنی­داری از نظر کارآیی در کنترل بیماری بلاست برنج وجود دارد. همچنین از لحاظ آماری بین قارچ‌ها در مورد تاثیر بر ارتفاع، وزن تر و وزن خشک بوته­های برنج در گلخانه اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود داشت و در میان آن‌ها، T. harzianum بیشترین کارآیی را در بهبود این صفات نشان داد.  نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که قارچ­های مختلفی در میکروفلور گیاه برنج وجود دارند که به­طور بالقوه توانایی مهار زیستی بیماری بلاست برنج را دارا هستند.

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